Washington: In a recent study, researchers at Stockholm University and Brooklyn College found that learning makes animals intelligent.
In the study published in the journal Royal Society Open Science, researchers have combined knowledge from the fields of artificial intelligence, ethology and the psychology of learning to solve several problems concerning the behaviour and intelligence of animals.
Animals are often very effective; an oystercatcher opens mussels quickly, a baboon takes every opportunity to steal food from tourists or a rat navigates with ease between the bins in a park.
Previously these behaviours have been considered to be inherited instincts, even though it is well known that animals have great learning abilities.
The team has now created an associative learning model that explains how effective behaviours can arise.
This means that an animal does not only learn that the last step of a behaviour chain, the one that is rewarding, is valuable.
An animal can learn that all steps towards the reward are valuable.
“Our learning model may also explain how advanced behaviours are created at an individual level. Behaviours like self-control, chimpanzee tool use as well as other phenomena like animals having certain expectations of live”, said lead researcher Magnus Enquist.
Adding, “Similar models are used in the field of artificial intelligence, but they have been ignored in animal studies.”
Since the 1970s it has been known that animals weigh the cost of a certain behaviour against the profit and that they, to a high degree, make optimal decisions, which is assumed to be genetically determined.
The research group’s new model deals not only with learning, it also takes into account the idea that what animals are able to learn can be genetically regulated.
“Young animals are often a bit clumsy, while adult animals are extremely skilled. A small cub does not even consider a vole as food, while an adult fox is an expert vole catcher”, said expert Johan Lind.
Adding, “Our model shows how genetic regulation of learning can influence the development of species-specific behaviour and intelligence since evolution can affect curiosity and the speed of learning among other things.”
“Many learning models can explain optimal behaviour, but to explain counterproductive behaviour an understanding of the mechanisms of the behaviour is needed. Using our model, we manage to explain why animals get stuck in suboptimal behaviour. Like a hamster running in its hamster wheel despite having food next to it. Our model has captured fundamental aspects of learning”, said another researcher Stefano Ghirlanda. (ANI)