Washington: Fathers-to-be better quit smoking as it does not only harm you but your baby as well. A new research has linked paternal smoking to increased risk of congenital heart defects.
The study published in European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, a journal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), has revealed not only fathers but mothers-to-be should also avoid both smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke as they are harmful.
Congenital heart defects are the leading cause of stillbirth and affect 8 in 1,000 babies born worldwide. Prognosis and quality of life continue to improve with innovative surgeries, but the effects are still lifelong.
“Fathers-to-be should quit smoking,” said study author Dr Jiabi Qin, of Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
“Fathers are a large source of second-hand smoke for pregnant women, which appear to be even more harmful to unborn children than women smoking themselves.”
“Smoking is teratogenic, meaning it can cause developmental malformations. The association between prospective parents smoking and the risk of congenital heart defects has attracted more and more attention with the increasing number of smokers of childbearing age,” said Dr Qin.
This was the first meta-analysis to examine the relationships between paternal smoking and maternal passive smoking and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring. Previous analyses have focused on women smokers.
Yet, as Dr Qin pointed out: “In fact, smoking in fathers-to-be and exposure to passive smoking in pregnant women are more common than smoking in pregnant women.”
The researchers compiled the best available evidence up to June 2018. This amounted to 125 studies involving 137,574 babies with congenital heart defects and 8.8 million prospective parents.
All types of parental smoking were associated with the risk of congenital heart defects, with an increase of 74 per cent for men smoking, 124 per cent for passive smoking in women, and 25 per cent for women smoking, compared to no smoking exposure.
This was also the first review to examine smoking at different stages of pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects. Women’s exposure to second-hand smoke was risky for their offspring during all stages of pregnancy and even prior to becoming pregnant. Women who smoked during pregnancy had a raised likelihood of bearing a child with a congenital heart defect, but smoking before pregnancy did not affect risk.
“Women should stop smoking before trying to become pregnant to ensure they are smoke-free when they conceive,” said Dr Qin. “Staying away from people who are smoking is also important. Employers can help by ensuring that workplaces are smoke-free.”
“Doctors and primary healthcare professionals need to do more to publicise and educate prospective parents about the potential hazards of smoking for their unborn child,” added Dr Qin.
Regarding specific types of congenital heart defects, the analysis showed that maternal smoking was significantly associated with a 27 per cent greater risk of atrial septal defect and a 43 per cent greater risk of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction compared to no smoking. The overall risk of congenital heart defects with all types of parental smoking was greater when the analysis was restricted to Asian population.
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